The French Revolution 1789-1799 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2404 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: French Revolution Essay Did you like this example? Moderate Stage 1788 Louis XVI called for the Estates General. By 1788 the Kingdom of France was utterly broke. Conflicts like the Seven Years War and the American Revolutionary War had been more than France could afford while the tax system was heavily outdated where the French nobility and the Catholic Church (who control most of the land and wealth despite being a tiny percentage of the population) paid virtually no taxes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The French Revolution: 1789-1799" essay for you Create order The kings summoning of the Estates General for the first time since the 1600s was a possible way to raise new revenue and reform the financial system. May 5, 1789Opening session of the Estates General. While King Louis summoned the Estates General for tax reform it soon became clear that the majority pushed for more radical reform. The First Estate represented clergy, the Second Estate the nobility, and the Third Estate represented the remaining 98% of the population. During the opening session the members of the Third Estate (who represented the majority of the French population) made it clear that they had no love for the absolute monarchy and wanted a French constitution in addition to tax reform. June 17, 1789The Third Estate broke away and forms National Assembly. The Third Estate consisted of Peasants and notables, even though they were the majority of the population and had twice as many total delegates as the other two estates. They also had only one vote in the Assembly and broke away because the other two estates kept on outvoting them despite representing the vast majority of the French population. June 20, 1789The Oath of Tennis Court. When the King locked an increasingly vocal members of the Third Estate out of their meeting chambers the Estate instead chose to gather in a nearby tennis court. The members of the Assembly vowed not to disband until France had a constitution. This made it clear that the King would have to made concessions or risk a civil war. July 14, 1789 Storm of the Bastille. The Bastille was seen as a symbol of old monarchic tyranny and on July 11th the King dismissed his reformist minister of finance Jacques Necker, leading to fears that the King along with the nobility was moving to crush the National Assembly. The sans-culottes stormed Bastille in order to obtain weapons for the revolution. July â€Å"August 1789A chain of peasant revolts known as the Great Fear. Peasants and villagers revolted against higher taxes, the local nobility, royal officials and the high price of bread. It is best described not as a single, national revolt but a series of revolts against local officials. August 1789Nobles surrendered their special privileges. Nobles in France had an immunity from most taxes, the power to collect dues from local farmers, special status for the lands they owned, and other special privileges like exclusive hunting rights. These were all hated as it perpetuated a system where a small portion of the population was automatically seen as better for no reason other than birth. By August these privileges were stripped away and nobles were taxed as any other person living under the French monarchy. August 26, 1789The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was published. The Old Regime meant the monarchy and aristocracy. It was called a death warrant because The Declaration of the Rights of Man declared that men are born free and sovereignty is residing in the nation. It also declared that all men were equal, peasants were no longer seen as lower than nobles or clergy and the King was now seen more as an executive, political leader as opposed to a divinely ordained absolute leader. October 5, 1789March on Versailles. The poor women from the marketplaces of Paris marched on Versailles. They were anger rose from the rising prices of bread and the kings unwillingness to cooperate with the assembly but soon grew into a liberal demonstration demanding a monarch that answered to the people. August 1789 The National Assembly abolished tithe. Tithe was effectively a tax collected by the Catholic Church from local parishes. This meant that church was nearly a government of its own within royal France and it also meant that locals were often subject to a tax from the state, a tax from the nobles, and a tax from the church. This was hated and the church lost its ability to collect tithes at the same time nobles lost their privileges. November 1789The National Assembly confiscated land belonging to the Catholic Church. 100,000 clergymen owned more than 10% of the land in France. This was seen as a symbol of tyranny where a tiny portion of the population had far too much land and power. The confiscation of Church land was a program of land reform to correct an imbalance of wealth. July 12, 1790 The Civil Constitution to the Clergy. The goal was to make the Church a national institution by making bishops and priest swear allegiance to the state. Because of the peasants who had catholic churches in their community were driven to revolt. Many people disliked the Church as a political institution with way too much power but many were also still very religious and didnt like the idea of God being restrained by some civil government. June 21, 1791 Louis XVI and his family fled Paris. King Louis and his family were stuck in Paris, still arguing over the future of the French state with the National Assembly. Still he was losing more support from the French population and was surrounded by a revolutionary city. His flight was not only for fear of his familys safety but the hope that he could link up with troops more loyal to the monarch than the national assembly outside of Paris. August 27, 1791 The monarchs of Prussia and Austria issued the Declaration of Pillnitz. A declaration in support of King Louis XVI against the revolutionaries. It led to a fear that Prussia and Austria would go to war to restore the power of the King and further alienated King Louis from the people of France who now accused him of plotting with foreign powers. September 3, 1791France became a Constitutional Monarchy. France officially put a constitution into practice to limit the powers of the King. Louis XVI still technically headed the army and had the power to veto legislation but had his title changed from King of France to King of the French to show that he was king only with the support of the people. Radical Stage April 20, 1792 The Legislative Assembly declared war against Austria and Prussia. There was fear that the Declaration of Pillnitz was a declaration of war by Austria and Prussia (it was only a declaration of support for the King) and the Legislative Assembly hoped to attack preemptively to avoid being overwhelmed. The also hoped to united France by giving a common foreign enemy. August 1792A combined Prussian and Austrian army led by the Duke of Brunswick invaded France. The initial attack by revolutionary France was repelled easily and the Duke of Brunswick launched a counter-invasion, making it clear that he intended to restore the monarchy and restore order to France. He warned the French population not to resist. The invasion was slowed by disease, poor organization, and bad weather. August 1792Sans-culottes invaded the royal palace of Tuileries and forced the royal family to seek refuge at the Legislative Assembly. The invasion angered the revolutionaries who stormed the royal palace to overthrow the king who they believed was colluding with the Prussians and the French. The King fled to the Legislative Assembly for protection but was soon arrested. September 1792September Massacres. A wave of killings in Paris, mostly among prisoners as revolutionary leaders thought that royalists and foreign armies would use the prisoners to fight against the revolution. The radical Jacobins and Maximilien Robespierre took control of revolutionary fervor and gained power. September 22, 1792 The National Convention established Republic. The Legislative Assembly was replaced by the more radical National Convention who formally abolished the French monarchy, replacing it with the French Republic. This was an incredibly radical move at the time. January 21, 1793 Louis XVI was executed. The French had repelled Austrian/Prussian troops by late 1792, removing any incentive to hold the King hostage. The National Convention had Louis XVI executed with a majority vote on the charge of treason against the state via guillotine. 1793 1794 A chain of counterrevolutionary insurrections at the Vendee. Many peasants were just as wary of the new French government than they had been of the King. In the Vendee there was less of a power difference between local nobles and peasants while the revolutionary government was implementing new taxes, attacking their religion, and trying to draft them into the military. June 2, 1793 The Montagnards (Jacobins) expelled the Girondins from the National Convention and seized control of the Convention. This removed any moderate opposition from the reins of government. Robespierre and the Jacobins were now unchecked to implement their radical agenda and much of this agenda included the violent removal of any who opposed (or who they thought opposed) the Revolution. Summer 1793-Summer 1794The Reign of Terror. Robespierre and the Jacobins were responsible for the terror. With foreign war and pro-royalist revolt among much of the population away from Paris there was a fear the French Republic would simply collapse under the strain. The Reign of Terror started as a way to remove enemies of the Republic, but it soon grew out of control and many in the National Convention turned against the Jacobins. July 27, 1794Thermidorian Reaction (July was renamed into Thermidor) was a revolt against the excesses of the Revolution. Moderate members of the National Convention expelled the radicals from the Convention. Maximilien Robespierre was arrested and executed. This was the final end to the Jacobins as a relevant political force. Final Stage August 1795Directory was created. The Directory was created to replace the National Assembly but it had the problem of being composed of many monarchists, despite being a republican institution. They tried to prevent royalist and Jacobin coups while bringing an end to the fighting in the Vendee. Their attempts to please everybody eventually alienated everybody. November 9, 1799Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the Directory. Napoleon was already a popular military figure for his many victories in Italy in the past few years (he managed to shift the blame for his less successful Egypt invasion). By this time the French Republic has gone through the terror plus years of instability and war. The French population now wanted a stable government and a strong figure like Napoleon appealed to this desire. Three most significant dates of the French Revolution: Storming of Bastille (July 14th, 1789) March on Versailles (October 5th, 1789) Reign of Terror (September 1793-July 1794) Robespierre and the Jacobins were responsible for the terror. With foreign war and pro-royalist revolt among much of the population away from Paris there was a fear the French Republic would simply collapse under the strain (Cole 485). The Reign of Terror started as a way to remove enemies of the Republic, but it soon grew out of control and many in the National Convention turned against the Jacobins. Thousands of people were killed due to this conflict between the Jacobins and Girondins. Afterwards, the leader of the Jacobins arose as the new head of the Revolution. Characteristics of History Before 1989: Before the French Revolution, French society looked very different. This society was known as the Old Regime. During the Old Regime, there were three Estates (classes) with the 1st, the clergy, and the second, the nobles, having all the power and privilege. Meanwhile, the 3rd Estate, the bourgeoisie, sans-culottes, and peasants, had to pay taxes to support the Clergy and Nobles, while having no power or privileges (Cole 479). Power flowed from above, and the vast majority of France, the third estate, had no say. Furthermore, France wasnt France as one would know it today. The Catholic Church was intimately linked with the monarchy. The clergy, was (like the nobility) exempt from taxation. Going even further, the Church had the power to tax from its parishioners; this was called a tithe, and it was widely unpopular with the third estate. Before the French Revolution, one was not loyal to their nation, they were loyal to their king. Characteristics of History After 1799: Just before the French Revolution, ideas from thinkers of the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment was a challenge to the traditional views of religion and monarchy. Free thinkers such as Locke, Voltaire, and Montesquieu, spread the idea that people should use reason, not faith when running a government. These notions, as well as Abbe Sieyes political pamphlet, What is the Third Estate, inspired the Third Estate to take a stand against the corrupt system of the Estates (Brophy 291). The ideas of the enlightenment made the Third Estate realize that a person was loyal not to a leader, but to a nation, and it removed the idea that some people in French society were above others. Thus, they removed themselves from the Estates General to become the National Assembly. This changed the structure of power, instead of flowing from the top, it started at the bottom. The French Revolution removed the aristocracy and removed the idea that nobles should have privileges the everybody else did not. The people had the power and the French Revolution started that idea This also removed the role of the Catholic church from its place of power. There was a saying France is the eldest daughter of the Church. The King had absolute power, but he was seen as getting that power from God. The Church also owned a lot of land, and they were seen less as a holy organization and more as a large group that lorded over and stole form the people. When the French Revolution changed society, the clergy and the church in general were hated along with the aristocracy. Where the old monarchy was tied to the Church the new France rejected the Catholic church, they said religion should have no place in public affairs. This was made evident when the National Assembly confiscated the land of the church in November 1789. This gave rise to the concept of secularity, where even religious holidays were criticized. Right after the French Revolution, there was a serious effort to remove Sundays because Sunday is the Catholic day of rest. France went from being one of the closes t nations to the Catholic Church to trying to get rid of Sundays.

A Report On The Burning Of Fossil Fuels - 1922 Words

PART B Introduction A fuel is something which is burned to produce heat or power to be used as energy. Most energy is made by the combustion of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are formed over millions of years from organic matter such as plankton and plants. When a combustion reaction occurs carbon and hydrogen react with oxygen in air to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). During this reaction heat is released which amplifies the reaction further, exothermic. The burning of fossil fuels is responsible for many environmental issues, such as global warming because the emissions are trapped in the atmosphere, therefore increasing the heat. Petrol is clean burning because the hydrogen and carbon combine with oxygen when the fuel burns to produce carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and water. There may be small quantities of other chemicals in fuels to reduce the build-up of carbon in car engines. The chemical composition of pentene is C5H10 and has a double bond on the first carbon. Refer to Diagram 1. Ethanol is made from a renewable source and does not harm the environment in any way. E10, containing 10% ethanol has an octane rating of 94 or 95. Although E10 will make the vehicle run better, it will be consumed faster because it does not contain as much energy. The chemical composition of ethanol is C2H5OH. As shown in Diagram 2. But because E10 if only 10% ethanol the other 90% will be pentene (as shown in Diagram 1). This is because E10 is mixed with petrol. There areShow MoreRelatedFossil Fuels Are Bad For Our Environment889 Words   |  4 PagesFossil fuels are bad for our environment, and in a economy that is struggling, there is no point in pouring billions of dollars a year into an energy source that is killing our other resources. This kind of spending and reckless destruction of our environment will eventually have to stop. The question is, when it does what will we do? There are many other forms of alternative energy that are accessible to us right now. 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Federalist Paper #10 Analysis Free Essays

Federalist Paper #10 Essay In perhaps the greatest installment of the federalist papers, James Madison describes how factions, which work against the interest of the public, can be controlled through a constitutional government. Factions are defined by Madison as groups of people that gather together to promote their own economic interests and political opinions (gradesaver. com). We will write a custom essay sample on Federalist Paper #10 Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now These factions often work against each other, and infringe upon the rights of others. Most people are concerned with the instability that rival factions can cause. State governments have done little to aid in the disbanding of factions. The situation is so dire that, people are disillusioned with all the politicians and blame the government for their problems (gradesaver. com). According to Madison, factions are inevitable. As long as people share a common belief, they will come together and fight for what they think is right. The reason most people formed factions in the eighteenth century, though, was the distribution of property. Even today, property is divided unequally. Men with more talent or ability tend to possess more land than those who were less gifted. Subsequently, there are many different kinds of property. Men have different wants or needs depending on the type of property they own. For example, the interests of a landowner might be different than that of a businessman (gradesaver. com). It is the governments’ job to manage the conflicting interests of property owners, and to regulate discrepancies between those with and without property. To Madison, there are only two ways to keep factions in check. Remove their causes, and control their effects (gradesaver. com). Unfortunately, the only real ways to manage factions are to either make everyone have the same opinion, or throw away liberty. Destroying liberty would be worse than, â€Å"the disease itself†, and making everyone have the same opinion would be as impossible as trying to tell an atheist there really is a god. Therefore, it is in the nature of man to create groups or factions. That’s why the government created a constitution that could handle the damage caused by factions. The fathers of the U. S. constitution established themselves as a representative government for a reason. Pure or direct democracies cannot possibly control conflicts between factions (gradesaver. com). The biggest factions will always dominate, and there would be no way to protect the weaker ones against an obnoxious individual or strong majority (gradesaver. com). Pure democracies cannot protect property rights, and have always been defined by the conflict they cause. Madison hopes that good men will be elected into office so that those who govern the country will be fair and honest. The opposite is possible though. Some Men are members of particularly large factions who have prejudices or evil motives, and could influence the people of the United States through intrigue or corruption. Although this could happen, it is very unlikely. The likelihood that qualified men will stay in office is higher because the country is big, and there will be more representatives chosen by a greater number of citizens. A representative government is needed in larger countries to protect against the rule of a mob (gradesaver. com). In conclusion, Madison presents these arguments because he believes that the majority of people will not listen the, â€Å"prophets of gloom† who say the new government won’t succeed. Because we feel pride in being Americans, we should cherish and support the idea of being a federalist. How to cite Federalist Paper #10 Analysis, Essay examples

Brainstorming at Nephrology Dialysis Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.What can you identify as sources of risk and what contingencies can be developed to reduce damage to the project? 2.How can the quality of the outcomes be defined and measured? 3.What would you consider when identifying and estimating costs for the budget? Answers: 1.The risks associated with the project are that the outcomes of the project are seen to be decrease during the process of the operation; the patients must get depression after the intake of the analgesic and also variations in the response of the drugs that are used for the analgesic (Anzca.edu.au, 2017). 2. The outcome of this project is the reduction in the adverse effects of the patients during surgical emergency. Also there are some additional outcomes which shows an improvement in the standard of the patient care and the increase in the satisfaction of the patient. These outcomes can be measured by collecting the data; then analyzing them and by finding the results (UpToDate, 2017). 3. The scope of this project can be defined by identifying the patients at risk of sedation and the development of the criteria which requires a health assessment. The strategies are done to outline that how to meet the challenges by accepting the discovery and learning; by doing engaging with the community and by providing good health to the community. The estimated budget for the trial spinal cord stimulator implants (TSCS) and radiofrequency nerve ablations (RF) at the Pain-Free Clinic (PFC),are 28291.578 Australian dollar approximately (Nslhd.health.nsw.gov.au, 2017). Particulars Amount Appoint an anaesthetic 1014.068 AUD Appointing some patients 8276.97 AUD Performing trial spinal cord stimulator implants(TSCS) 9765.98 AUD Performing radiofrequency nerve ablations (RF) 9234. 56 AUD References Anzca.edu.au. (2017).Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: https://www.anzca.edu.au/documents/ps09-2014-guidelines-on-sedation-and-or-analgesia [Accessed 24 Nov. 2017]. UpToDate. (2017).Smarter Decisions. Better Care.. [online] Available at: https://www.uptodate.com/home [Accessed 24 Nov. 2017]. Nslhd.health.nsw.gov.au. (2017).Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: https://www.nslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/AboutUs/StrategicPlan/Documents/170711-FINAL-NSLHD_Strategic_Plan_A4_0407_LR.pdf [Accessed 24 Nov. 2017].

Two Theories Relating to Disorderly Behaviour free essay sample

Those theories also show different scientific approaches to explain social disorder, using different ways of demonstrating evidence like case studies and longitudinal studies. Common fear or panic about breaking order is often associated with the argument, that the past was more ordered and secure (Pearson, 1983) and present social disorder has to be treated with appropriate, preventive measures. Yet, there is vibrant discussion about the future exchange of ASBOs with more supportive, rehabilitative ways of dealing with antisocial behaviour (May, 2010). This essay tried to demonstrate that social order and disorder are not straightforward terms, but socially constructed and contested over times and places (Kelly,Toynbee, 2009). Even in current UK society there are many, competing views about social disorder and appropriate measures, like the discussion about the purpose and sense of ASBOs. One main focus of this essay is the finding, how much social groups with power and authority can shape our comprehension of what is orderly or disorderly. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Theories Relating to Disorderly Behaviour or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The importance of social order for social living encouraged scientific studies and the development of various arguments about social order, like the above mentioned theories of folk devils and moral panic and the media effects approach. In the author? s opinion, although both presented theories have advantages and disadvantages, in conclusion they rightly acknowledge the important, influencing and mediating role of the media in nowadays social life.

History of the Picts Tribe of Scotland

History of the Picts Tribe of Scotland The Picts were an amalgam of tribes who lived in the eastern and northeastern regions of  Scotland during the ancient and early medieval period, merging into other peoples around the tenth century. Origins The origins of the Picts are hotly are disputed: one theory claims they were formed of tribes who predated the arrival of the Celts in  Britain, but other analysts suggest that they may have been a branch of the Celts. The coalescence of the tribes into the Picts may well have been a reaction to the Roman occupation of Britain. Language is equally controversial, as there’s no agreement on whether they spoke a variant of Celtic or something older. Their first written mention was by the Roman orator Eumenius in 297 CE, who mentioned them attacking Hadrian’s Wall. The differences between Picts and Britons are also disputed, with some works highlighting their similarities, others their differences; however, by the eighth century, the two were thought to be different from their neighbors. Pictland and Scotland The Picts and  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Romans had a relationship of frequent warfare, and this didn’t change much with their neighbors after the Romans withdrew from Britain. By the seventh century, the Pictish tribes had merged together into a region named, by others, as ‘Pictland’, albeit with a varying number of sub-kingdoms. They sometimes conquered and ruled neighboring kingdoms, such as Dl Riada. During this period a sense of ‘Pictishness’ may have emerged among the people, a sense that they were different from their older neighbors that werent there before. By this stage Christianity had reached the Picts and conversions had occurred; there was a monastery at Portmahomack in Tarbat during the seventh to early ninth centuries. In 843 the King of the Scots, Cà ­naed mac Ailpà ­n (Kenneth I MacAlpin), also became King of the Picts, and shortly after the two regions together into one kingdom called Alba, from which Scotland developed. The peoples of these land s merged together to become Scots. Painted People and Art It is not known what the Picts called themselves. Instead, there is a name which may be derived from the Latin picti, which means ‘painted’. Other pieces of evidence, like the Irish name for the Picts, ‘Cruithne’, which also means ‘painted’ leads us to believe that the Picts practiced body painting, if not actual tattooing. The Picts had a distinct artistic style that remains in carvings and metalwork. Professor Martin Carver has been quoted in The Independent as saying: â€Å"They were the most extraordinary artists. They could draw a wolf, a salmon, an eagle on a piece of stone with a single line and produce a beautiful naturalistic drawing. Nothing as good as this is found between Portmahomack and Rome. Even the Anglo-Saxons didnt do stone-carving, as well as the Picts, did. Not until the post-Renaissance were people able to get across the character of animals just like that.†

Linux Server Deployment Fedora Core 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Linux Server Deployment Fedora Core 5 - Essay Example Edith & Associates is strictly an 8:00am to 6:00pm operation at which point in time the premises are secured and all staff are made to vacate the premises. There is no access to the internal network after hours by any organizational staff.. The server will be backed up from 2-4 am each morning. DNS services are forwarded from the ISP's DNS Server, which has an IP of 172.16.1.1. According to the Linux experts the Fedora Core is an RPM-based Linux distribution, prepared by the community-supported Fedora Project and sponsored by Red Hat. Moreover the name derives from Red Hat's feature fedora used in its "Shadowman" logo. Though, the Fedora community project had subsist as a volunteer group providing further software for the Red Hat Linux distribution before Red Hat got concerned as a straight sponsor (Rohde, 2003). The basic intention of this research will be to deploy and evaluate the cost, market share, and hardware requirements of the operating systems Red Hat Linux and its deployment on server. To begin this study it will momentarily describe the Red Hat Linux computer platform solution for a small business setting. Technology administrators may note that the best computing solution for a business may be a mix of platforms and products. Several reasons comprise client preferences or capabilities, obtainable software and hardware, accounting requirements, or human resources. Owner, management, or employee guidance, practice, and preferences will also play a fraction. Linux is the kernel of a free operating system. When Linux is mutual by thousands of gratis software packages it then becomes a Linux distribution. Linux has an benefit in that its suppleness and interoperability permit the migration process. Linux also has the ability to imitate or provide a lot of Windows services obviously i n a mixed environment over a network. This research will use Linux products from Red Hat, Inc. as the instance Linux distribution and software (http://www.infoworld.com/article/03/10/08/HNmsdominance_1.html). Chapter # 1 Network Security ii. Secure Server According to the technology experts Fedora Core 5 is freely available and may be downloaded from an FTP mirror or during the bittorrent peer-to-peer network. Furthermore, Security and bug-fix updates for Fedora are also liberally accessible and easy to fetch using Fedora's yum package manager. What's further, since Fedora is so intimately related to the extensively used Red Hat Enterprise Linux (and is rather quite popular in its own right), companies that deploy Fedora Core 5 shouldn't have

Informative Paper on Islam People Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Informative on Islam People - Research Paper Example Islam is not just a religion; in fact, it is a complete way of life which teaches Muslims peace, mercy and forgiveness (Mawdudi 1975). Islam is a relatively new religion as compared to the other religions of the world. Muslims believe that the Holy Prophet was the last prophet and there were many before him starting from Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and many more. The Holy Prophet was born in Makah and became the prophet at the age of 40. He was a pious man who had to face many persecutions in order to propagate the word of god. He faced persecutions because Islam taught equality amongst all and people of Makah were not willing to accept that. During his life, he propagated Islam throughout the Arabian Peninsula and beyond. He led his life by example. Today’s Muslims try to follow the footsteps of the Holy Prophet, which is called the Sunnah. They try to live their lives like him in order succeed in the world hereafter. Hadith, the sayings of the Holy Prophet, also provid es Muslims with guidance for how to go about different endeavors. Religions are dogmatic in nature and Islam provides a complete guideline for how to go about our lives in the form of the Holy Quran, Sunnah and Hadith (Understanding Islam and Muslims). Muslims believe that the Holy Quran is the word of the Almighty Allah himself. ... mplete code of life as instructed by Allah and serves as an authentic guideline to Muslims when in need of guidance for economic system, just system, and proper human conduct, therefore, Muslims hold the Holy Quran in the highest regard. Every religion has some basic principles, in Islam; they are called the 5 pillars of Islam. Every Muslim must abide by these principles in order to be a proper Muslims. Firstly, the Shahadah, a person must recite and accept this in order to become a Muslim. It shows that person has submitted to the Almighty Allah. Second, Salat (prayer), all Muslims are to pray to god five times a day in order to get forgiveness and get close to Him. There is no hierarchical order in Islam so a learned person, the Imam, leads the congregational prayers. Third, Zakat (alms giving), all Muslims must give 2.5% of their income to the needy. By doing so, one purifies one’s income and has great benefits for the society as well. Fourth, Saum (fasting), every Muslim m ust fast in the month of Ramadan; it helps one become more resilient and also realize what the less privileged suffer from. Fifth, Hajj (pilgrimage), during the month of Ramadan, Muslims from all over the world travel to Makah to perform the hajj ceremony. This is only obligatory if the person is able to afford the trip. Muslims must perform these obligations to become true Muslims (Understanding Islam and Muslims). There are 1.57 billion Muslims of all ages in the world today which is about 23% of the global population. Muslims are divided into 2 major sects: Shiites and Sunnis. Even though their prayer practices are different, but their belief is still the same and worship Allah (Comparison Chart: Christianity and Islam). Islam and Christianity are the two most populous religions in the world.

The Gramscian approach to understanding civil society and how this Essay

The Gramscian approach to understanding civil society and how this might be relevant to how the world bank works with NGOs through its lending programme - Essay Example The Civil Society Unit of the Bank is directly charged with overseeing the carrying out of the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and related projects. This report is compiled on behalf of the unit with the aim of shedding some light on what considerations and choices are made in conceptualizing such projects. The unit believes that whereas some of the concerns leveled at the Bank are genuine and well founded, the vast majority of them are based on lack of information on the theoretical framework of carrying out the projects (The World Bank, 2005, 4). The main approach used by the Bank in dealing with civil society in general is grounded on the Gramscian approach originally postulated by Italian scholar Antonio Gramsci. This paper aims at shedding light on this approach so as to allay some of the criticisms that may be based on misinformation about the approach. The post Marxist or Gramscian approach to the understanding of civil society is grounded in the works of sociology scholars Karl Marx, Georg Hegel and Gramsci. It came up in opposing response to the liberal democratic approach which was mainly propagated by philosopher Alexis de Tocqueville. Both approaches aimed at explaining the nature and role of civil society. The development of civil society dates back to Roman Empire in which it was known by the Latin term societas civilis. The term refers to the range of organizations, groupings and societies that operate outside the formal government. They include registered NGOs and more informal groupings such as pressure groups and other small movements (Mcllwaine, 2007, p 5). According to Liberal Democratic Approach proposed by Tocqueville and others, Civil Society is a mainly autonomous sphere of liberty incorporating an organizational culture that morphs into both political and economic democracy. It is therefore a productive force and a useful

Single-Instruction Stream Multiple-Data Stream Architecture

Single-Instruction Stream Multiple-Data Stream Architecture Introduction to SIMD Architectures SIMD (Single-Instruction Stream Multiple-Data Stream) architectures are essential in the parallel world of computers. Their ability to manipulate large vectors and matrices in minimal time has created a phenomenal demand in such areas as weather data and cancer radiation research. The power behind this type of architecture can be seen when the number of processor elements is equivalent to the size of your vector. In this situation, componentwise addition and multiplication of vector elements can be done simultaneously. Even when the size of the vector is larger than the number of processors elements available, the speedup, compared to a sequential algorithm, is immense. There are two types of SIMD architectures we will be discussing. The first is the True SIMD followed by the Pipelined SIMD. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages but their common attribute is superior ability to manipulate vectors. True SIMD: Distributed Memory The True SIMD architecture contains a single contol unit(CU) with multiple processor elements(PE) acting as arithmetic units(AU). In this situation, the arithmetic units are slaves to the control unit. The AUs cannot fetch or interpret any instructions. They are merely a unit which has capabilities of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Each AU has access only to its own memory. In this sense, if a AU needs the information contained in a different AU, it must put in a request to the CU and the CU must manage the transferring of information. The advantage of this type of architecture is in the ease of adding more memory and AUs to the computer. The disadvantage can be found in the time wasted by the CU managing all memory exchanges. True SIMD: Shared Memory Another True SIMD architecture, is designed with a configurable association between the PEs and the memory modules(M). In this architecture, the local memories that were attached to each AU as above are replaced by memory modules. These Ms are shared by all the PEs through an alignment network or switching unit. This allows for the individual PEs to share their memory without accessing the control unit. This type of architecture is certainly superior to the above, but a disadvantage is inherited in the difficulty of adding memory. Pipelined SIMD Pipelined SIMD architecture is composed of a pipeline of arithmetic units with shared memory. The pipeline takes different streams of instructions and performs all the operations of an arithmetic unit. The pipeline is a first in first out type of procedure. The size of the pipelines are relative. To take advantage of the pipeline, the data to be evaluated must be stored in different memory modules so the pipeline can be fed with this information as fast as possible. The advantages to this architecture can be found in the speed and efficiency of data processing assuming the above stipulation is met. SIMD BASICS Early microprocessors didnt actually have any floating-point capabilities; they were strictly integer crunchers.? Floating-point calculations were done on separate, dedicated hardware, usually in the form of a math coprocessor.? Before long though, transistor sizes shrunk to the point where it became feasible to put a floating-point unit directly onto the main CPU die, and the modern integer/floating-point microprocessor was born.? Of course, the addition of floating-point hardware meant the addition of floating-point instructions.? For the x86 world, this meant the introduction of the x87 floating-point architecture and its (now hopelessly archaic) stack-based register model. Actually, the addition of SIMD instructions and hardware to a modern, superscalar CPU is a bit more drastic than the addition of floating-point capability.? A microprocessor is a SISD device (Single Instruction stream, Single Data stream), and it has been since its inception. As you can see from the above picture, a SIMD machine exploits a property of the data stream called data parallelism.? You get data parallelism when you have a large mass of data of a uniform type that needs the same instruction performed on it.? A classic example of data parallelism is inverting an RGB picture to produce its negative.? You have to iterate through an array of uniform integer values (pixels), and perform the same operation (inversion) on each one multiple data points, a single operation.? Modern, superscalar SISD machines exploit a property of the instruction stream called instruction-level parallelism (ILP).? In a nutshell, this means that you execute multiple instructions at once on the same data stream.? (See my other articles for more detailed discussions of ILP).? So a SIMD machine is a different class of machine than a normal microprocessor.? SIMD is about exploiting parallelism in the data stream, while superscalar SISD is about exploiting parallelism in the i nstruction stream. There were some early, ill-fated attempts at making a purely SIMD machine (i.e., a SIMD-only machine).? The problem with these attempts is that the SIMD model is simply not flexible enough to accoodate general purpose code.? The only form in which SIMD is really feasible is as a part of a SISD host machine that can execute conditional instructions and other types of code that SIMD doesnt handle well.? This is, in fact, the situation with SIMD in todays market.? Programs are written for a SISD machine, and include in their code SIMD instructions. SIMD Machines The three SIMD machines covered in this paper are the Connection Machine by Danny Hillis, the Abacus Project at the MIT AI Lab, and the CAM-8 machine by Norman Margolus. These three machines give a pretty accurate sampling of the type of SIMD machines that were constructed as well as an idea of the motivations for creating the machines in the first place. The Connection Machine was composed of 65,536 bit processors. Each die consisted of 16 processors with each processor capable of communicating with each other via a switch. These 4,096 dies formed the nodes of a 12th dimension hypercube network. Thus, a processor was guaranteed to be within 12 hops of any other processor in the machine. The hypercube network also facilitated communication by providing alternative routes from source processor to destination. Each node was given a 12-bit node ID, and different paths between two nodes in the network could be traversed based on how the node ID was read. The network allowed for both packet and circuit-based communication for flexibility. The second machine discussed is the Abacus machine created at the MIT AI Lab. This machine was constructed primarily for vision processing. The machine consisted of 1024 bit processing elements set in a 2D mesh. The primary concept of interest from the design was that the processing elements were configurable, and used reconfigurable bit parallel RBP algorithms instead of traditional bit serial computation. This means that each PE emulated logic for part of an arithmetic circuit (be it an adder, shifter, multiplier,etc) based on a RBP algorithm. The motivation for having these configurable processingelements was to save on the silicon area needed to implement arithmetic. However,because there was a necessary overhead for reconfiguration and the implementation did not easily allow for pipelining due to data dependencies, it was not clear that having configurable processing elements was a definite win. SIMD versus Loop Pipelining We can consider two different models for mapping loops onto coarse-grained reconfigurable architecture SIMD and loop pipelining. SIMD computation model is efficient for computation intensive,data-parallel applications requiring less context words to configure reconfigurable processing elements. Since data load and computation are temporarily separated in this model, array elements are not efficiently utilized. In the case of loop pipelining, different operations in a loop can be executed simultaneously in a pipeline. With this flexibility, data load and computation can be simultaneously executed and all reconfigurable array elements can be efficiently used. In some loops, the performance of pipelining is roughly the same as the performance of SIMD. However, if a loop has frequent memory operations, the pipelining will render much higher performance. Reconfigurable Architecture The reconfigurable architecture that we propose consists of an ARM 926EJ-S processor, an SDRAM, a DMA controller, and a coarse-grained Reconfigurable Core Module (RCM) template, which is similar to Morphosys and specified in the DSE flow. The communication bus is AMBA AHB ,which couples the ARM 926EJ-S processor and the DMA controller as master devices and the RCM as a slave device. The ARM 926EJ-S processor executes control intensive, irregular code segments and the RCM executes data-intensive, kernel code segments. Design Space Exploration The design space exploration (DSE) flow of coarse-grained reconfigurable architecture. A design starts from profiling and partitioning of target application and defining an architecture from the tem plate. Data intensive, regular loops are selected from the profiling result and the rest of the application is modified to take care of synchronization. The selected loops are analyzed to determine the RCM structure from the template and the configuration words are generated. Design space exploration flow From the architecture specification, we can generate a SystemC description for fast architecture evaluation . Then the loop pipelining model is applied to the SystemC description. Binary configuration data are included in the executable code and overall performance of the application is evaluated on the transaction level platform. The transaction level modeling enables fast design space exploration at early stage . Finally, the architecture is designed at the RT level from the SystemC mo del and the performance is evaluated on the RTL platform. The RTL architecture is verified by FPGA prototyping. RCM Template Architecture RCM specification starts from the template architecture similar to Morphosys. Whereas the memory structure (frame buffer and configuration cache) of Morphosys support only the SIMD model, we support both SIMD and pipelining by modifying the memory structure. Types of memory:- Frame Buffer Frame buffer (FB) of Morphosys does not support concurrency between the load of two operands and the store of result in a same column. It is not needed in SIMD mapping. However, in the case of loop pipelining, concurrent load and store operations can happen between mapped loop iterations. So we modified the FB and bit-width of data bus is specified in the DSE flow. We simply added a bank to each set. Therefore, a bank can be connected to the write bus while the other two banks are connected to the read buses. Any combination of one-to-one mapping between the three banks and the three buses is possible. Configuration Cache Context memory of Morphosys is designed for broadcast configuration. So RCs in the same row or column share the same context word for SIMD operation. However, in the case of loop pipelining, each RC can be configured by different context word. So we modified the context memory and designated it as Configuration Cache. Configuration cache is composed of 64 Cache Elements(CE) and Cache Control Unit(CCU) for controlling each CE. Each CE has enough layers that enable dynamic reconfiguration and the number of layers is specified in the DSE flow. CCU supports 4 configuration modes(three broadcast modes and one individual mode) for efficient data assignment. RC Array Execution Control Unit If the main processor directly controls the RC array execution through AMBA AHB, it will cause high overhead in the main processor. In addition, the latency of the control will degrade the performance of the whole system, especially when dynamic reconfiguration is used. So we implement a control unit to control the execution of the RC array every cycle. The RC Array Execution Control Unit (RCECU) receives the encoded data for controlling RC execution from the main processor. The encoded data includes execution cycles, chip select, read/write mode, and addresses of FB and CCU for guaranteeing correct operations of the RC array. RCM Specification From profiling result, we find that ME and DCT functions occupymost of the execution time ME takes about 70% and DCT takes about 7.40%. Specifically, Sum of Absolute Differences (SAD) function called by ME takes about 47.7%. Furthermore, the two functions have regular loops that fit well with the RC array. We determine the RCM structure by analyzing the DCT and ME functions. The structure is similar to Morphosys but the bit-widthof the data bus is extended to 16 and some interconnects between RCs are added for the DCT function. In the case of Morphosys, horizontal and vertical express lanes exist to guarantee connectivity between quadrants but express lanes dont support concurrent data exchange between symmetrical RCs in the same row or column. Therefore the interconnects are added for removing data arrangement cycles . We do not expect much increase in the area with this modification but need quantitative analysis to see the effect.

General Electric (GE) Appliances Case Study :: Business Management Analysis

Abstract The newly appointed district sales manager, Larry Barr, faces the problem of allocating sales quotas among his various sales representatives. This decision will affect everyone's earnings including his own. This problem is compounded by the fact that different territories have, for a variety of reasons, different potentials. In addition, the territory that is known to be the toughest will soon require a new sales rep. Company History/Background Canadian Appliance Manufacturing Co. Ltd (CAMCO) was created in 1998 under the joint ownership of Canadian General Electric Ltd. and General Steel Wares Ltd. (G.S.W.). CAMCO purchased the production facilities of Westinghouse Canada Ltd. under which the brand name White-Westinghouse was created. Appliances manufactured by CAMCO in the former Westinghouse plant were branded Hotpoint. G.E., G.S.W., and Hotpoint major appliance plants became divisions of CAMCO. These divisions were operated independently, had their own separate management staff and competed for sales although they were all ultimately accountable to CAMCO. Larry Barr has recently been promoted to the district sales manager position for G.E. Appliances. One of his more important duties was the allocation of his district sales quota among his five salesmen. He received his 2002 quota in October 2001 at which time his immediate task was to determine an equitable allocation of that quota. This was important because the company’s incentive pay plan was based on the salesmen’s attainment of quota and a portion of his remuneration was based on the degree to which his sales force met their quotas. The five territories were: Territory Destination/Sales Person Description 9961 Greater Vancouver Hudson's Bay, Firestone, Kmart, McDonald Garth Rizzuto Supply, plus seven independent dealers 9962 Interior All customers from Quesnel to Nelson, Dan Seguin including contract sales (50 Customers) 9963 Coastal Eatons, Woodwards, plus Vancouver Island Ken Block north of Duncan and upper Fraser Valley (east of Clearbrook) (20 customers) 9964 Independent and Northern All independents in lower mainland and Fred Speck South Vancouver Island, plus northern B.C. and Yujon (30 customers) 9967 Contract Contract sales Vancouver, Victoria All contract Jim Wiste sales outside 9962 (50-60 customers) The sales incentive plan was a critical part of G.E.’s sales force plan. Each salesman had a portion of his earnings dependent on his performance with respect to quota as well as Barr being awarded a bonus based on the sales performance of his district.

Maintaining Computer Systems Essay

Polices are something that are needed in the work place because they make sure that all the information that is collected is both safe and secure but also making sure that the information isn’t leaked outside the company. The information that can be leaked from a company is ranged from personal information of the employees that work there or something that will allow the company to lose many millions of pounds, if this happens, the company could be forced into legal proceedings to protect its own interests. As well as attempting to steal the leaked information, the information could also be used for reasons such as discriminating, harassing against or earning a profit against them and the information. All the different examples can be related back to the Data Protection Act (1998), Computer Misuse Act (1990) and the Copyright Design and Patents Act (1988) this is the protection of any material created meaning that it can‘t be copied by anyone without permission, this act also gives the creator the freedom to take someone to court if they feel their product has been used in a way they have no permission too. Without certain acts being put into place someone could easily take the information from one person and pretend to be them in a different place, either on the internet or within the work place. Repercussions could mean the user loses their job or money because it would look like they would be doing things they shouldn’t be. Issues There are many different issues that organisations will have to deal with somewhere down the line such as data going missing or the theft or breakages of systems, the company will have different procedures that would need to be put into the place before the problems arise so they can be prepared and can act quickly, this would be to avoid losing hours of work. Health and Safety As everything else that is put into the workplace, a fully working and up-to-date health and safety legislation is needed to be put into place. This is to allow the workers to feel completely safe within the work environment and examples include CCTV cameras and fire alarms and equipment, these are checked regularly to make sure they are fully operational. The health and safety policy is put in place to also protect the business because if a worker is found to have hurt themselves but the company would be seem to not be at fault because of the policy being put in place. There are other forms of health and safety that workers would need to be aware of when working such as electrocution when using the system, trapping parts of themselves within the computer system (for example, trapping a finger within a part of the computer such as the fan,) fire and static shocks. Some of these can be stopped by the user such as waiting for the computer to be off before attempting to change or fix any parts and therefore reducing the chance of being electrocuted and leaving no chance of being a finger trapped within the computer system, but sometimes there are things that would be out of the individual’s control such as fires but when this type of problem arises, that’s when it would be up to the company to fix and sort out, rather than the individual. The precautions that can be taken by the individual can include taking fire safety training courses; this allows the user to be ready for any emergency that could come up and would save the company vast amounts of money. Other precautions that can be completed by the individual can include wearing a band that stops electrics shocks to the user, these can help to company not lose any hours that could be spent working but it can also make a worker seem highly needed and important to the team, therefore these small changes can be good on both scales.

Impact of Globalization on Development

Globalization is the buzzword of today. The phenomenon of globalization rapidly swept across the world forcefully and powerfully. Economies of the world are being increasingly integrated as new technology and communication has brought people together. We often hear the phrase that the ‘world has become a global village' – which itself signifies how much has changed in the world in the past few decades. Financial and industrial globalization is increasing substantially and is creating new opportunities for both industrialized and developing countries. The largest impact has been on developing countries, who now are able to attract foreign investors and foreign capital. This has led to both positive and negative effects for those countries. Economically new parts of the world have opened to capitalist activities. The spread of capitalist activities has been part of globalization process which ties up well with the liberals believe in the possibility of progress (Baylis, J. , et al. (2008, p. 110). Free trade is the reduction or removal of commercial barriers between countries. This allows a freer flow of labor and goods between member countries in a trade pact. As free trade agreements become more common around the globe, the positive impact on developing countries has been touted as one of their greatest successes. There are several advantages to developing countries that participate in free trade. Free trade is an economic practice whereby countries can import and export goods without fear of government intervention. Government intervention includes tariffs and import or export bans or limitations. Free trade offers several benefits to countries, especially those in the developing stage. According to a widely used definition, a developing country is a nation with low levels of economic resources and/or low standard of living. Developing countries can often advance their economy through strategic free trade agreements. Increased Resources Developing countries can benefit from free trade by increasing their amount of or access to economic resources. Nations usually have limited economic resources. Economic resources include land, labor and capital. Land represents the natural resources found within a nations borders. Small developing nations often have the lowest amounts of natural resources in the economic marketplace. Free trade agreements ensure small nations can obtain the economic resources needed to produce consumer goods or services. By using a country’s comparative advantage, or what they can produce at a lower opportunity cost than other countries, they can get all the benefits of trade. If every country has a comparative advantage that means that everyone can gain from trade. There is remarkable evidence that globalization is helping countries expand and achieve higher incomes or a higher GDP Improved Quality of Life Free trade usually improves the quality of life for a developing nations citizens. They can import goods that are not readily available within their borders. Importing goods may be cheaper for a developing country than attempting to produce consumer goods or services within their borders. Many developing nations do not have the production processes available for converting raw materials into valuable consumer goods. Developing countries with friendly neighbors may also be able to import goods more often. Importing from neighboring countries ensures a constant flow of goods that are readily available for consumption. In countries with a higher degree of globalization, policies tend to support more accountability in the private and public sectors. These nations are more likely to maintain courts that recognize property rights and enforce the rule of law. Their governments are more effective and less corrupt. Policies in these more globalized countries tend to be more stable, essential for long-term planning by business. (Fisher, 2006) Better Foreign Relations Better foreign relations is usually an unintended result of free trade. Developing nations are often subject to international threats. Developing strategic free trade relations with more powerful countries can help ensure a developing nation has additional protection from international threats. Developing countries can also use free trade agreements to improve their military strength and their internal infrastructure, as well as to improve politically. This unintended benefit allows developing countries to learn how they should govern their economy and what types of government policies can best benefit their people. Production Efficiency Developing countries can use free trade to improve their production efficiency. Most nations are capable of producing some type of goods or service. However, a lack of knowledge or proper resources can make production inefficient or ineffective. Free trade allows developing countries to fill in the gaps regarding their production processes. Individual citizens may also visit foreign countries to increase education or experience in specific production or business methods. These individuals can then bring back crucial information about improving the nations production processes (Yutzis, 2001) Increased Standard of Living Economic globalization gives governments of developing nations access to foreign lending. When these funds are used on infrastructure including roads, health care, education, and social services, the standard of living in the country increases. If the money is used only selectively, however, not all citizens will participate in the benefits. Access to New Markets Globalization leads to freer trade between countries. This is one of its largest benefits to developing nations. Homegrown industries see trade barriers fall and have access to a much wider international market. The growth this generates allows companies to develop new technologies and produce new products and services. Higher Employment Rates As developed countries are able to move their operations into developing countries, new job opportunities open up for local workers. Increased levels of employment lead to a higher standard of living and more consumer purchasing. This ultimately sparks the country's economy and may help to develop locally owned business. Research was conducted on national incomes around the world during the 1990s and results showed that the income of rich globalized countries increased by 2% each year. The results also show that poor, more globalized countries have a higher increase in income per year than poor, less globalized countries. Actually according to this research the poor, more globalized countries have had an increase in income of 5% ach year while the poor, less globalized countries had a decrease of 1% per year. Less Child Labor Child labor occurs in developing countries for many reasons but one of the main reasons is lack of technology. Children are used as a cheap substitute for manufacturing equipment. In developing countries, sending their children to work is the only way a family can survive. Usually there is no t an abundance of schools and medical care like in the wealthier countries, and even if education and proper health care is available it is only available to the wealthier families who can afford it. Through globalization, households will make higher incomes which may eventually enable a family to send their children to school and provide some type of health care. In another article by Jagdih Bhagwati he states, â€Å"child labor will certainly diminish over time as growth occurs, partly due to globalization. † (Bhagwati). Free trade allows companies to invest in equipment and pay higher wages to adult workers through foreign investment. With higher family incomes, children are able to attend school rather than work. Access to New Markets Not only does free trade allow foreign-owned companies to establish themselves in developing countries, it also allows native companies to sell to foreign markets. This expands their customer base and leads to new products and services and the viability of investing in innovation. This is particularly true for small businesses in developing countries. These companies no longer have to worry about absorbing the costs of tariffs and other barriers to market entry and can sell their products freely. Higher Levels of Investment Capital Most free trade agreements also reduce restrictions on foreign investment. With new capital entering a developing country, it begins an upward productivity cycle that stimulates the entire economy. An inflow of foreign capital can also stimulate the banking system, leading to more investment and consumer lending. Increased Life Expectancy An increase in employment levels, incomes, and the general standard of living alleviates hunger and lack of medical care in developing countries. Preventative medical care including checkups and vaccinations are available to more of the population. It also increases the number of children who are educated and attend school regularly. The ultimate result is an increase in the average life span and a reduction in infant deaths. Widening Disparity in Incomes While an influx of foreign companies and foreign capital creates a reduction in overall unemployment and poverty, it can also increase the wage gap between those who are educated and those who are not. Over the longer term, education levels will rise as the financial health of developing countries rise, but in the short term, some of the poor will become poorer. Not everyone will participate in an elevation of living standards. Decreased Employment The influx of foreign companies into developing countries increases employment in many sectors, especially for skilled workers. However, improvements in technology come with the new businesses and that technology spreads to domestic companies. Automation in the manufacturing and agricultural sectors lessens the need for unskilled labor and unemployment rises in those sectors. If there is no infrastructure to help the unemployed train for the globalized economy, social services in the country may become strained trying to care for the new underclass.

Free Essays on Global Warming Just Lot Of Hot Air

Global Warming The weather is a very illusive thing to predict. How many times has the local weatherman been wrong about the forecast? Even with all our modern technology we still can not account for all the variables of Mother Nature. So if we can’t even predict tomorrows weather how can our predictions on global warming be accurate? In 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) the globalization of environmental green law was designed so it would scare the people into believing that global warming was a problem that needed to be fixed. They said the polar icecaps would melt, storms would grow stronger, the coastlines would flood, and winters would be colder and summers hotter. President Clinton headed to Japan to sigh the â€Å"global climate change† treaty to limit green house emissions, such as carbon dioxide. But is carbon dioxide the real problem? Since the 19th century the earth’s temperature has increased 1.5 degrees Celsius. However since 1979 the earth’s temperature has cooled .09 degrees even though carbon dioxide emissions form fossil fuels have risen 19%. So how did the temperature rise before we put so much carbon dioxide into the air? â€Å"This is an effect coning before the cause,† says John Leoffler for his article â€Å"Global warming? Hot Air!† 90% of the earth’s heat is retented by water vapor not carbon dioxide. â€Å"Currently, human activity puts about 6 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year. Non-human activity, mostly volcanoes, account for about 200 billion tons,† says John Leoffler. We only produce 3% of the earth’s carbon dioxide. Is that really so significant that it would cause global warming? Dr. Harry N.A. Priem of Utrecht University says no. â€Å" The fluctuations in carbon dioxide concentration appear to track those in tempera ture to a remarkavle degree, but a closer look reveals that fluctuations generally lag behind those in temperature... Free Essays on Global Warming Just Lot Of Hot Air Free Essays on Global Warming Just Lot Of Hot Air Global Warming The weather is a very illusive thing to predict. How many times has the local weatherman been wrong about the forecast? Even with all our modern technology we still can not account for all the variables of Mother Nature. So if we can’t even predict tomorrows weather how can our predictions on global warming be accurate? In 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) the globalization of environmental green law was designed so it would scare the people into believing that global warming was a problem that needed to be fixed. They said the polar icecaps would melt, storms would grow stronger, the coastlines would flood, and winters would be colder and summers hotter. President Clinton headed to Japan to sigh the â€Å"global climate change† treaty to limit green house emissions, such as carbon dioxide. But is carbon dioxide the real problem? Since the 19th century the earth’s temperature has increased 1.5 degrees Celsius. However since 1979 the earth’s temperature has cooled .09 degrees even though carbon dioxide emissions form fossil fuels have risen 19%. So how did the temperature rise before we put so much carbon dioxide into the air? â€Å"This is an effect coning before the cause,† says John Leoffler for his article â€Å"Global warming? Hot Air!† 90% of the earth’s heat is retented by water vapor not carbon dioxide. â€Å"Currently, human activity puts about 6 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year. Non-human activity, mostly volcanoes, account for about 200 billion tons,† says John Leoffler. We only produce 3% of the earth’s carbon dioxide. Is that really so significant that it would cause global warming? Dr. Harry N.A. Priem of Utrecht University says no. â€Å" The fluctuations in carbon dioxide concentration appear to track those in tempera ture to a remarkavle degree, but a closer look reveals that fluctuations generally lag behind those in temperature...

Economic Analysis and Policy_Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic Analysis and Policy_Coursework - Essay Example In terms of agent’s utility, discretion based solutions are normally the best. On the other hand, policy options that are based on rules usually have little room for policy errors. However, such an approach requires a lot of confidence that the variables will perform as intended without any challenges. This is certainly difficult to realize for inflation targeting especially in the identification of financial stability (Langdana, 2009). Indeed, most rule-based approaches have faced many challenges especially when applied as an inflation target framework. In this respect, a discretionary framework is always appropriate in addressing the issue. It allows policy makers to learn much from the interaction between various relevant stakeholders. Nevertheless, it should be realized that the adaptability and flexibility of discretion comes with its own share of costs. There is limited predictability of the decision in addition to a tendency toward forbearance as policy makers are tempt ed to postpone backfiring decisions. In most rule-based approaches, policy reactions are normally left to some pre-defined automatic triggers and mechanisms. However, the use of rules might be difficult especially for a new policy which should be used across the world (Peston, 2010). (Question b) Indeed, the Taylor rule has greatly revolutionized the manner in which policy makers and central banks approach the issue of monetary policy. It frames policy actions in line with the various incoming information regarding economic conditions. In this case its contrasts the traditional period-by-period optimization problem. The rule has greatly brought into focus the need for adjusting policy rates more than one-for-one in responding to increased inflation. The rule is therefore used in adjusting prudent interest rates which can help in stabilizing the economy both in the short term and maintain growth in the long term. This is much opposed to inflation targeting which basically focuses on estimation of the inflation rates and attempting to fix the situation through interest rates (Barro, 2005). The attractiveness of the rule arises out of its ability to foster price stability and ensure full employment through a reduction of uncertainty. It further increases the credibility of future actions of the central bank. The rule might further avoid most inefficiency associated with time inconsistency through the use of discretionary policy. The Taylor rule indeed provided a compromise between the various competing schools of thought in a proper language often lacking in rhetorical passion. A recent application of the Taylor rule was made by the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) after inflation was seen to have risen by 2%. The rule provided a quantitative prescription on how the interest rates should be increased to address this change. Indeed, the Taylor rule has been important in addressing some of the challenges which conventional inflation targeting cannot reach. Howe ver, the rule also has its own challenges and is often used together with other approaches in real economic situations (Prachowny, (2011). Microeconomics (Question a) It is certainly true that firms prefer making more profits to less. Profit is certainly a very important concept in the operations of a

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT - Assignment Example In the job position the following things will be considered as vital: The title for particular job position Job responsibilities Critical success factors Official reporting link Supports, authority and assets needed along with accessibility for the job (Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 2009) Advertisement for Job Position After formulating the job description, there is a need to advertise for the job vacancy so as to inform the potential candidates regarding the job openings. Advertisement has emerged as a very significant and common basis for generating manpower in Human Resource Management practices. The advertisement for the post of nurse practitioner and medical records clerk will be given through online websites so as to reach a larger population or young candidates stating the specific position duties. It will be beneficial for appealing appropriate candidates for the positions. In the internet advertisements, the following information will be provided: A summary of job positions which includes fields of works and language requirements An explanation of obligations and accountabilities which classifies the major jobs to be performed by the employee The minimum qualification requirement for fulfilling the position such as educational certificates, special skills, etc The advertisement will be exhibited on one of the popular job websites named ‘careerbuilder.com’. The cost of advertising on ‘careerbuilder.com’ will amount to be around 390 USD/job. Thus, to advertise two posts for job advertisement the cost will be around (390?2=) 780 USD (Careerbuilder, n.d.). Selection Process The selection process will conducted in four phases, which are: Screening of Application Forms Before selecting employees, it is essential to lessen the candidates to a manageable amount. With this concern, the initial screening will be conducted with the application forms and resumes of the candidates. The accurate information will be assessed against the lea st adequate requirements with respect to job specifications. The statistical technique will be used for screening of application forms. After checking the measurable aspects of candidates, the reliability of candidates will be evaluated. Any gap during education years or any kind of indefinite information will be identified and followed up in the interview stage (Pattanayak, 2005). Testing After initial screening of candidates, tests will be conducted for evaluating the intelligence, aptitude and skills of the selected candidates. For the post of medical records clerk, aptitude test of candidates will be conducted with the aim of measuring their ability or underlying skills to absorb the given job responsibilities if adequate training is provided. For the post of nurse practitioner, achievement test will be conducted for assessing candidates’ pertinent capabilities. The achievement test will be applied to varied series of nursing tasks ranging from patient care to clinical ac tivities. The candidates will be selected on the basis of performance on those tests (Bernardin, 2008). Interview Interview will be conducted for measuring the profile of candidates and associating it with job appropriateness. Interview is widely